Fluorosis in Children
Enamel changes caused by excessive fluoride intake during tooth development.
Dental fluorosis occurs when children ingest excessive fluoride during enamel formation (birth to age 8 for permanent teeth). It presents as white spots or lines (mild), brown staining (moderate), or pitting/enamel loss (severe). Mild fluorosis affects up to 25% of the population in fluoridated areas and is primarily a cosmetic concern without functional impact. Common sources of excess fluoride include swallowing fluoride toothpaste, fluoride supplements in areas with fluoridated water, and consuming fluoridated water above 2 ppm. Prevention involves using age-appropriate toothpaste amounts (smear for under 3, pea-size for 3-6), supervising brushing, and checking water fluoride levels. Treatment for cosmetic concerns includes microabrasion, bleaching, composite bonding, or veneers.